Theory :-
As you all know that in the world of electronics all the microcontrollers and microprocessors works on DIGITAL SIGNAL, but from the sources like battery we get a ANALOG SIGNAL. So in embedded systems it is mandatory to convert the analog signal into digital signal.
So for converting the analog signal into digital signal we use operational amplifiers(OP-AMP). We use operational amplifiers as a voltage comparator . A op-amp is shown in figure below :-
We fix a voltage at negative input with the help of variable resistor of 10k ohm and at the positive input we give our analog signal. If the analog signal is grater than the fix voltage at negative input then we get 1 in output(means +5V) and if the analog signal voltage is less than the voltage at negative input then we get 0 at output(means 0V).
Note :-
Set the negative input voltage with the help of variable resistor according to your requirement.
you can see a A to D converter in below fig.
There are several OP-AMP ICs are available like :- lm358, 741, lm324 etc.
Here we use LM324 which have 4 op-amps in it..jpg)
Now we construct a A TO D converter. With the help of above circuit and pin out diagram of lm324 we construct a A TO D CONVERTER in INVERTING & NON-INVERTING mode.
Schematic :-
Pcb layouts :-
This is the layout of original size pcb. In the above layout the upper lm324 ic is configured in non-inverting mode and lower lm324 ic is configured in inverting mode.
Photos :-
As you all know that in the world of electronics all the microcontrollers and microprocessors works on DIGITAL SIGNAL, but from the sources like battery we get a ANALOG SIGNAL. So in embedded systems it is mandatory to convert the analog signal into digital signal.So for converting the analog signal into digital signal we use operational amplifiers(OP-AMP). We use operational amplifiers as a voltage comparator . A op-amp is shown in figure below :-
We fix a voltage at negative input with the help of variable resistor of 10k ohm and at the positive input we give our analog signal. If the analog signal is grater than the fix voltage at negative input then we get 1 in output(means +5V) and if the analog signal voltage is less than the voltage at negative input then we get 0 at output(means 0V).
Note :-
Set the negative input voltage with the help of variable resistor according to your requirement.you can see a A to D converter in below fig.
There are several OP-AMP ICs are available like :- lm358, 741, lm324 etc.
Here we use LM324 which have 4 op-amps in it.
Now we construct a A TO D converter. With the help of above circuit and pin out diagram of lm324 we construct a A TO D CONVERTER in INVERTING & NON-INVERTING mode.
Schematic :-
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Pcb layouts :-
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| top/component view |
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| bottom view |
Photos :-
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| bottom view of my pcb |
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| top view or component mount |
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